Ritalin for Cocaine Addiction? | Psych Central News

By Rick Nauert PhD Senior News Editor
Reviewed by John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on June 28, 2013

New research suggests a single dose of methylphenidate (brand name Ritalin) can help to improve brain function in cocaine addiction, which ultimately could make it an add-on treatment for such addictions.

Researchers from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York performed imaging studies to develop their hypothesis. They found that the drug modified connectivity in certain brain circuits that underlie self-control and craving among cocaine-addicted individuals.

The research is published in the current issue of JAMA Psychiatry.

Previous research has shown that oral methylphenidate improved brain function in cocaine users performing specific cognitive tasks such as ignoring emotionally distracting words and resolving a cognitive conflict.

Similar to cocaine, methylphenidate increases dopamine (and norepinephrine) activity in the brain, but, administered orally, takes longer to reach peak effect, giving it a lower potential for abuse.

By extending dopamine?s action, the drug enhances signaling to improve several cognitive functions, including information processing and attention.

?Orally administered methylphenidate increases dopamine in the brain, similar to cocaine, but without the strong addictive properties,? said Rita Goldstein, Ph.D., who led the research while at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in New York.

?We wanted to determine whether such substitutive properties, which are helpful in other replacement therapies such as using nicotine gum instead of smoking cigarettes or methadone instead of heroin, would play a role in enhancing brain connectivity between regions of potential importance for intervention in cocaine addiction.?

Anna Konova, a doctoral candidate at Stony Brook University, who was first author on this manuscript, added, ?Using fMRI, we found that methylphenidate did indeed have a beneficial impact on the connectivity between several brain centers associated with addiction.?

For the study,?Goldstein and her team recruited 18 cocaine-addicted individuals. Participants were then randomized to receive an oral dose of methylphenidate or placebo.

The researchers used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure the strength of connectivity in particular brain circuits known to play a role in addiction before and during peak drug effects. They also assessed each subject?s severity of addiction to see if this had any bearing on the results.

Methylphenidate decreased connectivity between areas of the brain that have been strongly implicated in the formation of habits, including compulsive drug seeking and craving.

The scans also showed that methylphenidate strengthened connectivity between several brain regions involved in regulating emotions and exerting control over behaviors?connections previously reported to be disrupted in cocaine addiction.

?The benefits of methylphenidate were present after only one dose, indicating that this drug has significant potential as a treatment add-on for addiction to cocaine and possibly other stimulants,? said?Goldstein.

?This is a preliminary study, but the findings are exciting and warrant further exploration, particularly in conjunction with cognitive behavioral therapy or cognitive remediation.?

Source: The Mount Sinai Hospital / Mount Sinai School of Medicine

APA Reference
Nauert PhD, R. (2013). Ritalin for Cocaine Addiction?. Psych Central. Retrieved on June 28, 2013, from http://psychcentral.com/news/2013/06/28/ritalin-for-cocaine-addiction/56583.html

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Source: http://psychcentral.com/news/2013/06/28/ritalin-for-cocaine-addiction/56583.html

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'Twisted light' shown off in fibre

28 June 2013 Last updated at 07:49 ET By Jason Palmer Science and technology reporter, BBC News

A novel way of boosting data rates in optical communication using "twisted light" has been shown to work in optical fibres.

The light is effectively corkscrew-shaped, and more data can be encoded in differently twisted beams.

The concept had been shown off over "free space" but it remained unclear if it would work in fibres.

Now a team reporting in Science has demonstrated data rates of 1.6 terabits per second over 1km of optical fibre.

This is still short of the "over-the-air" rate of 2.5 Tb/s demonstrated by members of the same team in 2012. But it is a powerful proof of principle for adapting the technique to use with fibres in, for example, data centres.

The idea behind twisted light is based on the fact that photons, the most basic units of light, carry two kinds of momentum - a kind of energy in their movement.

"Spin angular momentum" is better known as polarisation. Photons "wiggle" along a particular direction, and different polarisations can be separated out by, for example, polarising sunglasses or 3D glasses.

But they also carry what is called orbital angular momentum. This is best explained in analogy to the Earth-Sun system: our planet spinning around its axis manifests spin angular momentum, while the orbital angular momentum is seen in our revolution around the Sun.

"Twisted light" approaches use this orbital angular momentum, essentially encoding more data in varying degrees of twist.

The technique has drawn controversy when applied to radio-frequency waves, but its application at frequencies used in telecommunications has been going from strength to strength.

The problem is that these twisted beams get scrambled in standard fibres and lose their capacity to carry data. What was needed is a new design - that of report co-author Siddharth Ramachandran of Boston University, US.

In 2011, Dr Ramachandran collaborated with fibre company OFS Fitel to produce a kind of fibres-within-fibres design, adding different chemicals to each concentric ring that changed the speed of light in each concentric fibre.

These novel fibres effectively provide different paths for different beam twists.

To put the fibres to work, Dr Ramachandran joined forces with Alan Willner, of the University of Southern California, who led the team behind the 2012 "over-the-air" demonstration.

The team demonstrated rates of 400Gb/s using a single colour of light with four levels of twist, and 1.6Tb using 10 colours, each with two levels of twist.

"It was a nice collaboration between a fibre expert and a systems communications group, to demonstrate that not only is orbital angular momentum able to propagate, but that the data contained within it would be of high quality," said Prof Willner.

Just how widespread the technique could become, however, remains to be seen - given that it has to be done on novel fibres very different from the billion kilometres of fibre already underground and under the sea globally.

"There may be certain areas where there are more or less closed systems where you need more bandwidth," Prof Willner told BBC News.

"If you have a Google data centre, say, where you need terabits between servers, you envision that might be where newer types of fibres might find a place."

The team is currently working to increase the number of colours and levels of twist that they can reliably produce and detect, increasing further the promise of increased data rates.

Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23096320#sa-ns_mchannel=rss&ns_source=PublicRSS20-sa

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Economic well-being of children slips, report says

Economy

The Associated Press Staff

June 24, 2013 at 7:54 AM ET

Susan Montoya Bryan / AP

This June 20, 2013 image shows David Hutchinson and his daughter Navaeh posing for a photograph at Joy Junction homeless shelter in Albuquerque, N.M.

It wasn't so long ago that David Hutchinson spent a month sleeping under a bridge while his wife and young daughter spent their nights at a domestic violence shelter.

But this wasn't a case of domestic violence. The couple simply had no choice. There were just no shelters in Phoenix with room for another homeless family, and their top priority was finding a safe place for their daughter.

The family is one of many in the U.S. that have been trying to raise children in the face of joblessness and homelessness. An annual survey released Monday by the Annie E. Casey Foundation shows the number of children living in poverty increased to 23 percent in 2011, after the recession.

The Southwest has been hit particularly hard. New Mexico, for the first time, has slipped to worst in the nation when it comes to child well-being. More than 30 percent of children in the state were living in poverty in 2011 and nearly two-fifths had parents who lacked secure employment, according to this year's Kids Count survey.

Nevada is ranked No. 48, followed by Arizona. Mississippi, which has traditionally held last place, made slight improvements in early childhood education while reading and math proficiency for some students increased, putting the state at No. 49.

Overall, the report shows there have been gains in education and health nationally, but since 2005, there have been serious setbacks when it comes to the economic well-being of children.

"There's little doubt that things are getting worse," said Kim Posich, executive director of the New Mexico Center on Law and Poverty. "Aside from the fact the New Mexico economy has been so slow to turn around, the systems that generally serve people who are the working poor and suddenly lose their jobs or face greater hardship, all those systems have been strained beyond the max."

In Arizona, charities and government programs were cut during the recession, making it more difficult for families to get by and rebuild, said Dana Wolfe Naimark of the Children's Action Alliance in Phoenix.

"So many things were slashed just when people needed it the most," she said. "That is a key policy issue that we do have choices over. We can find ways to rebuild that investment. It's not OK to just throw up our hands and say, 'We can't.'"

According to the Kids Count report, a lingering concern is the effect of unemployment on children, particularly long-term unemployment. Researchers found that more than 4 million workers were unemployed for more than six months, and more than 3 million were without work for a year or more.

David Hutchinson and his family eventually ended up in Albuquerque. He has been looking for work for months. Finally, he landed a job just this week with a contractor who installs fire suppression systems.

"If I wasn't so crippled, I'd be doing backflips," he said, pointing to the rod and pins in his forearm, an injury that ended his career in the U.S. Navy.

His wife, Chelsea, said she knows her husband is ready to put aside any pain because the prospect of their family being able to move from Joy Junction, the shelter where they have been staying since December, hinges on a regular income.

William and Elimar Roper are in the same boat. They and their four children have been at the shelter for about a year. William just landed a job in the kitchen and Elimar has graduated from the shelter's recovery program, which helps those addicted to drugs or alcohol.

"We're happy because we've upgraded from being homeless to something that can help us stabilize. It's the first step," Elimar Roper said.

William Roper served in the U.S. Army for nine years and did tours in Iraq and Afghanistan. After the military, he worked as a janitor and then lost his job. The family's savings soon ran out, leaving them homeless.

The Kids Count report shows the percentage of children whose parents don't have secure employment has been increasing. That's more than one-third of children in each of the four states at the bottom of the Kids Count list.

"Growing up in poverty, it just has these terrible repercussions and you see these associations with much lower rates of high school graduation, lower performance overall in school, much lower rates of college attendance and the cycle perpetuates," said Curtis Skinner, director of Family Economic Security at the National Center for Children in Poverty.

Skinner said the center's research is showing a troubling trend in the aftermath of the recession: Poverty rates are rising in what used to be the middle class, in two-parent households and in families where parents have college educations.

While there is a lag in the Kids Count data, officials in New Mexico, Arizona and Nevada believe some of their numbers will start to turn around in the coming years thanks to investments in education, particularly pre-kindergarten programs.

New Mexico Gov. Susana Martinez has pushed for doubling pre-K funding and funneling more money to early literacy and high school graduation efforts.

"Clearly, doing things the way they've always been done hasn't worked for our kids," said Enrique Knell, a spokesman for the governor. "And reform efforts must include ending the practice of setting our children up for failure by passing them on to the next grade level when they can't read."

The well-being of their children has been the motivating factor for both the Hutchinson and Roper families. They want something better for their kids, and they say things are starting to turn around.

"Finally, being to the point of stabilizing and being able to get the kids out of this environment, that's a good feeling," Elimar Roper said.

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Source: http://feeds.nbcnews.com/c/35002/f/663286/s/2dded3f0/l/0L0Snbcnews0N0Cbusiness0Ceconomic0Ewell0Ebeing0Echildren0Eslips0Ereport0Esays0E6C10A4240A0A5/story01.htm

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Marathon speech helps Democrats block Texas abortion bill (reuters)

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Hello darkness my old friend.

I decided to keep it simple & use the suggested questions for my intro.

1) What's your username? Why'd you pick that username?
faeriebreath. & honestly, I don't remember why I picked it...but whenever I look at it now, it makes me think of someone who eats fairies by the bowl full. It's also my LJ username, so if anyone still uses LJ, feel free to add me. & the title of the thread is just because I needed a title. heh.

2) How'd you find this place? Why did you look it up?
Google. I was looking up roleplay forums. :D

3) How long have you roleplayed on forums or chat? On what sites? Did you start with tabletop games or such?
I started in 6th or 7th grade, but once I graduated high school I sort of stopped.

4) In coming to RPG, what've you been looking for specifically? A new home for roleplay? Better roleplay? Just to get back into roleplay, and to get more practice with writing fiction & developing characters.

5) What kinds of roleplay are you interested in? Fantasy? Sci-fi?
Fantasy mostly. Not necessarily "high fantasy," I enjoy fantasy themes that take place in the real world too. And if the story is good enough, I'll do "realistic" rp's. Preferably modern since I'm not too great at history. XD I'm really awful at sci-fi RPs, I think...but I'm willing to give them a try.

6) What're your hobbies? Reading, duh. Crafts. Gardening. Doodling. Taking photos of stuff (plants & animals, mostly). Making collages & mediocre paintings. Playing Neopets. :P

7) What's something you're good at besides writing?
I occasionally sew clothes (I make my own or upcycle stuff I find at thrift stores). I also make jewelry.

8) Do you have any friends here at RPG that invited you here? Would you want to make more friends while you're here? No & yes.

9) Do we get cookies for looking through your thread and saying hello? This is the best that I can do:

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/RolePlayGateway/~3/ce_08pE87Zc/viewtopic.php

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Was first curveball thrown 2 million years ago?

NEW YORK (AP) ? It's a big year for throwing. The greatest closer in baseball history, Mariano Rivera of the Yankees, is retiring. Aroldis Chapman, the overpowering Cincinnati Reds reliever, continues to fire fastballs beyond 100 mph.

And now some scientists say they've figured out when our human ancestors first started throwing with accuracy and fire power, as only people can: Nearly 2 million years ago.

That's what researchers conclude in a study released Wednesday by the journal Nature. There's plenty of skepticism about their conclusion. But the new paper contends that this throwing ability probably helped our ancient ancestor Homo erectus hunt, allowing him to toss weapons ? probably rocks and sharpened wooden spears.

The human throwing ability is unique. Not even a chimp, our closest living relative and a creature noted for strength, can throw nearly as fast as a 12-year-old Little Leaguer, says lead study author Neil Roach of George Washington University.

To find out how humans developed this ability, Roach and co-authors analyzed the throwing motions of 20 collegiate baseball players. Sometimes the players wore braces to mimic the anatomy of human ancestors, to see how anatomical changes affected throwing ability.

The human secret to throwing, the researchers propose, is that when the arm is cocked, it stores energy by stretching tendons, ligaments and muscles crossing the shoulder. It's like pulling back on a slingshot. Releasing that "elastic energy" makes the arm whip forward to make the throw.

That trick, in turn, was made possible by three anatomical changes in human evolution that affected the waist, shoulders and arms, the researchers concluded. And Homo erectus, which appeared about 2 million years ago, is the first ancient relative to combine those three changes, they said.

But others think the throwing ability must have appeared sometime later in human evolution.

Susan Larson, an anatomist at Stony Brook University in New York who didn't participate in the study, said the paper is the first to claim that elastic energy storage occurs in arms, rather than just in legs. The bouncing gait of a kangaroo is due to that phenomenon, she said, and the human Achilles tendon stores energy to help people walk.

The new analysis offers good evidence that the shoulder is storing elastic energy, even though the shoulder doesn't have the long tendons that do that job in legs, she said. So maybe other tissues can do it too, she said.

But Larson, an expert on evolution of the human shoulder, said she does not think Homo erectus could throw like a modern human. She said she believes its shoulders were too narrow and that the orientation of the shoulder joint on the body would make overhand throwing "more or less impossible."

Rick Potts, director of the human origins program at the Smithsonian Institution, said he is "not at all convinced" by the paper's argument about when and why throwing appeared.

The authors did not present any data to counter Larson's published work that indicates the erectus shoulder was ill-suited for throwing, he said.

And it is "a stretch" to say that throwing would give erectus an advantage in hunting, Potts said. Large animals have to be pierced in specific spots for a kill, which would seem to require more accuracy than one could expect erectus to achieve from a distance, he said.

Potts noted that the earliest known spears, which date from about 400,000 years ago, were used for thrusting rather than throwing.

___ Online:

Nature: http://www.nature.com/nature

___

Malcolm Ritter can be followed at http://www.twitter.com/malcolmritter

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/first-curveball-thrown-2-million-years-ago-170417702.html

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Senate Nears Passage of Immigration Overhaul Bill (WSJ)

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Why Does the Sun s Corona Get So Hot? NASA Launches Telescope to Find Out

As plasma is ejected from the sun?s surface, its temperature skyrockets--and so far physicists have not been able to explain why

By Rebecca Boyle

SOLAR SPOTTER: NASA's IRIS in the clean room, preparing for launch. Image: LMSAL

• 

  Showcasing more than fifty of the most provocative, original, and significant online essays from 2011, The Best Science Writing Online 2012 will change the way...

  Read More??

Above the surface of the sun, plasma roiling in the star?s atmosphere does something that so far defies explanation, and seems to defy physics: It gets hotter as it moves farther out.

In the corona, the expansive outer layer of the solar atmosphere that extends millions of kilometers from the sun?s surface, temperatures reach millions of kelvins. The surface, by contrast, is a tepid 6,000 K (around 5,700 degrees Celsius). Although astronomers have developed a few possible explanations in recent years, no one can say precisely how or why the corona gets so hot. A new satellite will scrutinize the underlying regions of the sun?s atmosphere, giving physicists a chance to dig down like botanists studying a plant?s roots and uncover information that may help them solve the mystery.

The satellite?NASA?s Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS), a new ultraviolet space telescope?will examine the chromosphere, a long-ignored layer of plasma beneath the corona, in unprecedented detail. ?I wonder if maybe we were staring too hard at the corona to understand the corona,? says IRIS scientist Charles Kankelborg, a physicist at Montana State University. ?It may be that by backing out we can get some vital clues to what?s happening.?

A carrier aircraft will carry IRIS and a Pegasus rocket booster aloft from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on June 26, and then launch it from there into a polar orbit. From that vantage point the telescope will observe a small section of the chromosphere, a violently variable region between the corona and the surface. IRIS will not only photograph the sun but will also return spectra?detailed breakdowns of the star?s light that can reveal subtle physical processes at work. Other telescopes, such as the Sunrise 2 balloon that recently completed a five-day flight around the Arctic circle, have looked at the chromosphere but haven?t returned such detailed information. ?You won?t just see beautiful images with fine-scale structure, but you?ll also be able to measure what the temperature is and what the density is,? says Eric Priest, a solar physicist at the University of Saint Andrews in Scotland who is not part of the IRIS team. ?It?s revolutionary.?

Unlike the corona?s wispy prominences or the spotted, fiery surface, the chromosphere is tricky to behold. It absorbs and reemits some light from the surface, but it also emits its own UV light, making it difficult to identify where the photons originated, says Bart de Pontieu, the science lead for IRIS at the Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory in Palo Alto, Calif. Only in the last 10 years have physicists developed computer models sophisticated enough to track the photons coming from this region and to sufficiently simulate chromospheric activity. That is a key reason why IRIS?s time is now. ?With these models we have now a fighting chance of understanding the light that we see coming from the chromosphere,? de Pontieu says.

Physicists are also eager to observe solar outbursts with IRIS. And they should see plenty: IRIS will launch near the peak of the sun?s 11-year activity cycle. The IRIS team will use information from other satellites that observe the whole sun, such as Japan?s Hinode and NASA?s Solar Dynamics Observatory, to identify active areas of the sun and point IRIS toward flares as they grow, when it will obtain spectra every two seconds. De Pontieu compares the mission with studying the air just above the ocean, watching as water evaporates and condenses: ?You?re seeing the process that feeds the clouds, and the process that depletes the clouds. By figuring what?s going in and out, you can figure out what?s going on up there.?

Source: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=iris-satellite-launch

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?MythBusters? revisit previously busted case

TV

Anna Chan TODAY

13 hours ago

What "MythBusters" fans want, "MythBusters" will give! In 2007, the hit Discovery show took on the case of the "Bifurcated Boat." A man who was driving a speedboat had crashed into a channel marker, and the accident had nearly split the boat in two. Sounds like speed was involved, right? Maybe not. The man claimed that he was going just a measly 25 MPH.

"MythBusters" to the rescue! With some tests, the gang busted the tale after their model boat merely glanced off their marker with little damage. But viewers complained about the bust, so the show is now revisiting the myth in its 10th season, and Discovery is sharing an exclusive look at the second attempt to bust the myth with TODAY.com.

"Our results were less than spectacular," Grant Imahara admits in the clip. "But according to you fans, that's because our methodology was totally wrong!"

"Because we didn't do it on water!" Kari Byron adds in the video.

Testing damage to a boat and not using a body of water of some sort? No wonder fans wanted a redo!

And it turns out there were some other problems too when testing the myth the first time. (Including an accident involving dropping one boat. Oops!) Take a look at some of the blunders, as well as what the "MythBusters" plan to do to make this attempt more accurate:

"MythBusters" airs Wednesdays at 9 p.m. on Discovery.

Source: http://www.today.com/entertainment/mythbusters-revisit-previously-busted-case-bifurcated-boat-6C10448418

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PFT: MJD will not face charges for alleged fight

AP

The Bills will put individual game tickets on sale on July 9.

Can Dolphins WR Mike Wallace top 1,100 receiving yards in 2013?

Losing many of Tom Brady?s favorite receivers could make the Patriots vulnerable in the AFC East.

Said Jets G.M. John Idzik of training camp at SUNY Cortland, ?The facilities and fields are top notch and the people are very warm and hospitable. The environment provides an excellent setting for training camp as we continue our preparations for the upcoming season.?

Terrell Suggs and Elvis Dumervil may be the Ravens? best pass-rushing duo ever.

Bengals CB Adam Jones has made an impression on Jets QB Geno Smith.

Said Browns OLB Barkevious Mingo of training camp, ?I am ready. I?m just looking forward to it, being able to come out here, put the pads on for the first time and actually, I guess, measure up to the older guys and see where I am and see what I have to do to get better.?

Steelers RB Isaac Redman is hosting a youth football camp in his hometown.

The Texans plan to play their two rookie linebackers on opposite sides.

Colts QB Andrew Luck called Peyton Manning ?arguably the best ever.?

Three Jaguars rookies ? Denard Robinson (fifth round), Josh Evans (sixth round) and Ace Sanders (fourth round) ? remain unsigned, but the team has no doubt that they?ll all get their deals done before training camp.

Titans DT Zach Clayton faces a tough fight to make the 53-man roster.

Tickets are always tough to get in Denver ? the Broncos have sold out every game since 1970 ? but a few single seats will become available on July 8.

The Chiefs are among the teams giving every season ticket holder a bag that meets league security requirements.

Of the Raiders? 22 starters in Week One, it?s likely that 14 of them will be new to the team.

Here?s a look at why the Chargers? secondary should be better this season.

Although contract talks have ended, Cowboys DE Anthony Spencer?s relationship with team management is still described as ?friendly.?

Giants rookie OT Justin Pugh says the much thicker playbook has been the biggest transition from college to the NFL.

Said Eagles WR Jeremy Maclin of hosting a youth football camp, ?My main thing is to have these kids learn from people who have been in their shoes before.?

There are high expectations in Washington, D.C. for the Redskins.

Former Bears running backs coach Tim Spencer believes he missed out on some job opportunities in January because the team didn?t release him from his contract right away.

Just about everyone agrees that Lions WR Calvin Johnson is one of the 10 best players in the NFL.

Packers DT Gilbert Pe?a has had a tough road to the NFL.

Vikings fans see this year?s team as underrated.

The Falcons expect a strong training camp competition among their rookie safeties.

Panthers QB Cam Newton?s foundation will host a seven-on-seven tournament fundraiser.

The Saints aren?t the only ones who have had a bounty scandal ? in youth sports, kids are sometimes offered candy to injure opponents.

Said Buccaneers WR Vincent Jackson of working with young people, ?We know the NFL does so much with NFL Play 60, getting kids outside, trying to do the whole health movement, so we?re talking to these kids about not only being good people, being good citizens, but making sure they?re eating right, listening to mom and dad, doing their homework, and of course getting outside, exercising and being healthy.?

A career high in passing yards seems doable for Cardinals QB Carson Palmer, thanks to the presence of WR Larry Fitzgerald.

Rams scout Brian Heimerdinger will attend this weekend?s golf tournament in memory of his father.

49ers OT Anthony Davis gave away his dog on Twitter.

The Seahawks think a more experienced Russell Wilson will be a better Russell Wilson.

Source: http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2013/06/25/inconclusive-video-fuels-decision-not-to-charge-jones-drew/related/

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Mapping genes of a horse from 700,000 years ago

In this undated photo provided by Ludovic Orlando via Nature, two pieces of a 700,000-year-old horse metapodial bone, just before being extracted for ancient DNA, are shown. From a tiny fossil bone found in the frozen Yukon, scientists have deciphered the genetic code of an ancient horse about 700,000 years old _ nearly 10 times older than any other animal that has had its genome mapped. The work was published Wednesday, June 26, 2013, by the journal Nature and discussed at a science conference in Helsinki. (AP Photo/Ludovic Orlando via Nature)

In this undated photo provided by Ludovic Orlando via Nature, two pieces of a 700,000-year-old horse metapodial bone, just before being extracted for ancient DNA, are shown. From a tiny fossil bone found in the frozen Yukon, scientists have deciphered the genetic code of an ancient horse about 700,000 years old _ nearly 10 times older than any other animal that has had its genome mapped. The work was published Wednesday, June 26, 2013, by the journal Nature and discussed at a science conference in Helsinki. (AP Photo/Ludovic Orlando via Nature)

In this January 2010 photo provided by the journal Nature via Przewalski's Horse Association, a Przewalski's horse is shown in Khomyntal, western Mongolia, in one of three reintroduction sites. From a tiny fossil bone found in the frozen Yukon, scientists have deciphered the genetic code of an ancient horse about 700,000 years old _ nearly 10 times older than any other animal that has had its genome mapped. The researchers also found new evidence that the endangered Przewalski's horse, found in Mongolia and China, is the last surviving wild horse. It is genetically distinct from domestic horses. (AP Photo/Przewalski's Horse Association via Nature, Claudia Feh)

HELSINKI (AP) ? From a tiny fossil bone found in the frozen Yukon, scientists have deciphered the genetic code of an ancient horse about 700,000 years old ? nearly 10 times older than any other animal that has had its genome mapped.

Scientists used new techniques and computing to take DNA from a 5-inch fossil fragment ? most of which was contaminated with more modern bacteria ? and get a good genetic picture of an ancestral horse. The work was published Wednesday in the journal Nature and discussed at a science conference in Helsinki.

The research gives a better insight into the evolution of one of the most studied mammals. Perhaps more importantly, it opens up new possibilities for mapping the genetic blueprints of all sorts of ancient animals from early human ancestors to mastodons to mammoths to bison, said study lead authors Ludovic Orlando and Eske Willerslev of the University of Copenhagen.

This "is breaking the time barrier," Willerslev said.

The previous oldest animal fossil genetically mapped had been an ancient relative of Neanderthals called the Denisovans, from about 75,000 years ago, found in a Siberian cave.

The ancient horse was probably about the size of current Arabian horses, the researchers said. It didn't have the same genes for large muscles that make today's breeds good for racing, and it was larger than researchers once thought, Orlando and Willerslev said.

The new mapping techniques, which involve all sorts of technical changes, could be used not just with fossils from frozen areas like Canada's Yukon and Russia's Siberia, but also from more temperate climates, and may eventually allow researchers to map animal genomes from 1 million years ago, Orlando said.

Ross MacPhee, curator of mammals at the American Museum of Natural History, who wasn't part of the research, said the accomplishment suggests "there's no reason in substance why we couldn't go back further."

"I think it's cool," said another outside expert, Edward Rubin, who heads the U.S. Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute and has deciphered Neanderthal and cave bear DNA.

"We can always keep our fingers crossed that (DNA from) an ancient hominid will be found in one of those environments that have been cold," perhaps even the last common ancestor of Neanderthals and modern humans, he said.

Orlando and Willerslev said it doesn't have to be that cold, but much of the most ancient human development was in Africa where the hotter climate makes DNA disintegrate faster. Still, there were enough hominids in temperate climates to give hope for older genome sequencing of some of our ancestors, they said.

There was a lot of junk in the Yukon fossil that wasn't horse but bacteria, Orlando said. He said for every 200 DNA molecules they sequenced, only one was from the horse.

The research estimated that the evolutionary tree split that led to horses on one branch and donkeys on the other happened about 4 million years ago.

The analysis also found new evidence that an endangered animal called the Przewalski's horse, found in Mongolia and China, is the last surviving wild horse. It is genetically distinct from domestic horses.

___

Ritter reported from New York.

___

Online:

Journal Nature: http://www.nature.com/nature

___

Seth Borenstein can be followed on Twitter at http://twitter.com/borenbears

Malcolm Ritter can be followed at http://www.twitter.com/malcolmritter

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/b2f0ca3a594644ee9e50a8ec4ce2d6de/Article_2013-06-26-Ancient%20Horse%20Genome/id-79f2535ea1124e8bb7fd924a70087831

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harshhaswani0: Anisa: Samsung Galaxy S4 S-View Flip Cover Folio ...

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• Product Dimensions: 0.8 x 3.5 x 7 inches ; 1.6 ounces
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Samsung Galaxy S4 S-View Flip Cover Folio Case (Black)

The Flip Cover Folio replaces the battery cover to reduce bulk. View larger

Receive and reject calls without opening the case. View larger
See important information at a glance

The Samsung Galaxy S4 S-View Flip Cover is the perfect combination of functionality and durability. This case has an interactive viewing window on the front allowing you to see important information on your phone without opening the case. With a display window for seeing data, time, and battery notifications, and the ability to receive and reject calls without opening the case, the Samsung S-View Flip Cover is a perfect blend of protection and convenience.

Auto wake-up function

The S-View Flip Cover features an auto wake-up function that powers on the phone when the cover is flipped open. Closing the case places the smartphone into sleep mode, preserving the life of the battery.

Dock compatible

Galaxy phones with the S-View Flip Cover installed are still fully compatible with the Samsung Multimedia Dock and Vehicle Dock, adding to its versatility.

A color to match every taste

The Samsung Galaxy S4 S-View Flip Cover is available in multiple color choices so there is certain to be a color to match anyone's personality. Even the most fashion-sensitive smartphone user will find a case that matches their personal style.

Slim design

The back of the Samsung Galaxy S4 S-View Flip Cover easily snaps on, replacing the phone's standard battery cover, without making the phone bulky. Installing this Samsung phone case is simple and only takes a few seconds.

What's in the box?

Samsung Galaxy S4 S-View Flip Cover Folio Case (Black)

Compatibility

Samsung Galaxy S4

AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T-Mobile, International Carriers and Unlocked Models

About the Manufacturer

Samsung Electronics Corporation researches, develops and markets a variety of personal and business communications products including mobile phones, tablets and associated accessories. For the past five years Samsung has been recognized as the number one mobile phone manufacturer in the world based on customer loyalty and is the largest manufacturer of mobile phones worldwide.

At a Glance

Iconic folio design for the Samsung Galaxy S4
The interactive view window on the front lets you see important information at a glance
Auto wake-up function powers on the phone when the cover is flipped open
Receive and reject calls without opening the case
Available in multiple colors
Dock compatible for added versatility
Back cover replaces the phone's back, maintaining the Samsung Galaxy S4's sleek design

Only Accept Genuine Samsung Products

Beware of Imitations! All authentic Samsung product will have a holographic sticker visible on the product packaging signifying that you have purchased genuine Samsung product. If you receive a product and the sticker is non-existent, has been removed or the packaging appears to have been tampered with, please report this to Amazon immediately.

Choose the Samsung Galaxy S4 Case That's Right for You Protective Cover + Flip Cover Case S-View Flip Cover Case

Iconic folio design
Hard plastic construction with rubber bezel
Protects your screen against smudges, scratches and dirt
Absorbs impacts and protects against casual drops
Replaces battery cover to maintain slim profile of Samsung Galaxy S4
Precision designed for exact fit and easy installation
Full access to controls and ports
Camera lens cutout for easy snapshots
Interactive view window for quick access to important information
Wakes/sleeps device display when open/closed
Available colors White, Pink, Green,
Light Blue, Navy Pink, Yellow, Orange, Green,
Light Blue, White, Black Black, White

Samsung Galaxy S4 S-View Flip Cover Folio Case (Black)

The perfect combination of style and durability

The Samsung Galaxy S IV S-View Flip Cover was developed with the user?s lifestyle in mind. This case, designed to protect the Galaxy S 4 Smartphone without adding bulk, is the perfect combination of style, durability and convenience. Take it to the gym, on a hike, to the grocery store or an evening out on the town. This case is constructed to withstand even the most active lifestyle while allowing the user to display their sense of fashion. Plus you will never miss important information with the S-View window. Many smartphone cases make you choose between protection, fashion and function. With the new S-View Flip Cover for Galaxy S IV you can have it all!

All around protection without limiting access

The Samsung S-View Flip Cover Folio Case provides superior protection for the Samsung Galaxy S4 smartphone. The flip cover with window display protects the smartphone?s screen when it is not in use and is easily flipped open for full access to the screen. When closed, the S-View cover allows you to easily view key indicators, time, date, music play list, alarm, missed calls, new messages, etc. without flipping open the cover. You can even receive and reject calls without opening the flip cover.

A color to match every taste

The Samsung Galaxy S IV S-View Flip Cover is available in a variety of colors so there is certain to be a color to match anyone?s personality. Even the most fashion-sensitive smartphone user will find a case or two that matches their personal style.

Easy installation

Additionally, these cases have been specifically designed for the Samsung Galaxy S 4 smartphone. The back easily snaps on, replacing the phone?s standard battery cover, without making the phone bulky. Installing a Samsung phone case is simple and only takes a few seconds.

Enhanced protection for the Samsung Galaxy S IV
Front cover folds over for easy access to the phone?s screen
Back cover replaces the phone?s back, maintaining the Samsung Galaxy?s sleek design
Hard plastic shell guards against scratches and bumps
Soft felt liner protects against smudges and dirt
Auto Wake Function (Cover Open ? Power On)
Compatible with Multimedia Dock & Vehicle Dock
Available in multiple colors
What's In the Box

Samsung S-View Flip Cover Folio Case (White)

Compatibility

Samsung Galaxy S4

About the Manufacturer

Samsung Electronics Corporation researches, develops and markets a variety of personal and business communications products including mobile phones, tablets and associated accessories. For the past five years Samsung has been recognized as the number one mobile phone manufacturer in the world based on customer loyalty and is the largest manufacturer of mobile phones worldwide.

Only Accept Genuine Samsung Products

Beware of Imitations! All authentic Samsung products will have a holographic sticker visible on the product packaging signifying that you have purchased genuine Samsung product. If you receive a product and the sticker is non-existent, has been removed or the packaging appears to have been tampered with, please report this to Amazon immediately.

Source: http://glassgaragedoors.blogspot.com/2013/06/samsung-galaxy-s4-s-view-flip-cover.html

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Source: http://buladim.blogspot.com/2013/06/samsung-galaxy-s4-s-view-flip-cover.html

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Source: http://harshhaswani0.blogspot.com/2013/06/anisa-samsung-galaxy-s4-s-view-flip.html

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Snowden not on flight to Cuba, whereabouts unclear

HAVANA (AP) ? Confusion over the whereabouts of National Security Agency leaker Edward Snowden grew on Monday after a jetliner flew from Moscow to Cuba with an empty seat booked in his name.

The founder of the WikiLeaks secret-spilling organization, Julian Assange, insisted he couldn't go into details about where Snowden was, but said he was safe.

Snowden has applied for asylum in Ecuador, Iceland and possibly other countries, Assange said.

An Aeroflot representative who wouldn't give her name told The Associated Press that Snowden wasn't on flight SU150 to Havana, which was filled with journalists trying to track him down. Two AP journalists on the flight confirmed after it arrived Monday evening in Havana that Snowden wasn't on the plane.

A member of the Aeroflot crew spoke briefly to reporters gathered outside Havana's Jose Marti International Airport, but would not give his name. "No special people on board," he said, smiling. "Only journalists."

Security around the aircraft was heavy prior to boarding in Moscow and guards tried to prevent the scrum of photographers and cameramen from taking pictures of the plane, heightening speculation that Snowden might have been secretly escorted on board.

But about two dozen journalists who made the flight had searched up and down the plane after boarding in a hunt for Snowden. One increasingly desperate Russian television reporter was briefly convinced that AP reporter Max Seddon might be the NSA leaker.

When it dawned on the journalists that Snowden wasn't there, they settled in for a long haul flight to Cuba for nothing. Some read, others chatted.

"A substantial percentage of people on board were journalists," Seddon said. "The flight would have been empty without us."

In Havana, Cuban officers also clamped down, forcing journalists waiting for the flight to arrive to move outside the airport building.

The Interfax news agency, which has extensive contacts with Russian security agencies, cited a source as saying Snowden could have flown out in a different plane unseen by journalists.

Others speculated Russian security agencies might want to keep Snowden in Russia for a more thorough debriefing.

Snowden had not been seen since he arrived in Moscow on Sunday from Hong Kong, where he was in hiding for several weeks to evade U.S. justice and left to dodge efforts to extradite him.

After spending a night in Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport, he had been expected to fly to Cuba and Venezuela en route to possible asylum in Ecuador.

Interfax quoted an unidentified "well-informed source" in Moscow saying that Russia received a U.S. request to extradite Snowden and responded by saying it would consider that. But the same source said Russia could not detain and extradite Snowden since he hadn't technically crossed the Russian border.

Justice Department officials in Washington did not immediately respond to an email seeking comment.

Experts said it was likely that the Russians were questioning Snowden, interested in what he knew about U.S. electronic espionage against Moscow.

"If Russian special services hadn't shown interest in Snowden, they would have been utterly unprofessional," Igor Korotchenko, a former colonel in Russia's top military command turned security analyst, said on state Rossiya 24 television.

U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry said Monday it would be "deeply troubling" if Russia or Hong Kong had notice of Snowden's plans and that would affect their relations with the United States.

The controversy over Snowden could further hurt U.S.-Russian relations, already strained over arguments about Syria and a ban on U.S. adoptions of Russian children.

The Kremlin has previously said Russia would be ready to consider Snowden's request for asylum.

Aeroflot said earlier that Snowden had registered for the flight using his American passport, which the United States recently annulled.

Ecuadorean Foreign Minister Ricardo Patino said his government had received an asylum request, adding Monday that the decision "has to do with freedom of expression and with the security of citizens around the world."

Ecuador has rejected the United States' previous efforts at cooperation, and has been helping Assange avoid prosecution by allowing him to stay at its embassy in London.

But Assange's comments in a telephone conference with reporters that Snowden had applied in multiple places opened other possibilities of where he might try to go.

WikiLeaks has said that it is providing legal help to Snowden at his request and that he was being escorted by diplomats and legal advisers from the group.

Icelandic officials have confirmed receiving an informal request for asylum conveyed by WikiLeaks, which has strong links to the tiny North Atlantic nation. But authorities there have insisted that Snowden must be on Icelandic soil before lodging a formal request.

Snowden gave documents to The Guardian and The Washington Post newspapers disclosing U.S. surveillance programs that collect vast amounts of phone records and online data in the name of foreign intelligence, often sweeping up information on American citizens.

Officials have the ability to collect phone and Internet information broadly but need a warrant to examine specific cases where they believe terrorism is involved.

Snowden had been in hiding for several weeks in Hong Kong, a former British colony with a high degree of autonomy from mainland China.

The United States formally sought Snowden's extradition from Hong Kong to face espionage charges but was rebuffed; Hong Kong officials said the U.S. request did not fully comply with their laws.

The Justice Department rejected that claim, saying its request met all of the requirements of the extradition treaty between the U.S. and Hong Kong.

As for Russia, Caitlin Hayden, a spokeswoman for the National Security Council, said, "Given our intensified cooperation after the Boston marathon bombings and our history of working with Russia on law enforcement matters ? including returning numerous high-level criminals back to Russia at the request of the Russian government ? we expect the Russian government to look at all options available to expel Mr. Snowden back to the U.S. to face justice for the crimes with which he is charged."

Still, the United States is likely to have problems interrupting Snowden's passage. The United States does not have an extradition treaty with Russia, but does with Cuba, Venezuela and Ecuador. Even with an extradition agreement though, any country could give Snowden a political exemption.

It also wasn't clear Snowden was finished disclosing highly classified information.

Snowden has perhaps more than 200 sensitive documents, Sen. Dianne Feinstein, chairwoman of the Senate Intelligence Committee, said on CBS' "Face the Nation."

___

Associated Press White House Correspondent Julie Pace and AP writers Philip Elliott, Matthew Lee and Frederic J. Frommer in Washington, Lynn Berry and Vladimir Isachenkov in Moscow, Kevin Chan in Hong Kong, Sylvia Hui in London and Paul Haven and Andrea Rodriguez in Havana contributed to this report.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/snowden-not-flight-cuba-whereabouts-unclear-141749907.html

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STOCKS NEWS MIDEAST-Qatar leadership transition seen as positive

0530 GMT - News of Qatar's leadership transition is seen as modestly positive for its stock market, signalling political stability and a continuation of current economic policies.

Late on Sunday the Qatari-owed al Jazeera television channel said the emir, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani, 61, would meet ruling family members and decision makers on Monday "amid reports that he intends to hand over power to his crown prince, Sheikh Tamim".

The news was not unexpected; the government has prepared the public and diplomatic allies for the transition, which diplomats said could include the departure of the powerful prime minister and foreign minister, Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim al-Thani, 53.

"The handover is positive in the sense that it will be well managed," says Sebastien Henin, portfolio manager at The National Investor in Abu Dhabi. "For the crown prince, there is a clear path to manage the country with no competition."

It is possible that the government could announce positive economic news or more benefits for local citizens to mark the transition. In any case, significant change in Qatar's economic direction does not appear to be on the cards.

"Tamim has controlled key policies in Qatar for some time, and shares his father's views on political development in Qatar and economic diversification," Eman Ebed Alkadi of Eurasia Group consultants Alkadi wrote.

National budgets have been agreed up until 2016-2017, Alkadi wrote, and with preparations for the World Cup in 2022 in full swing, much change in domestic momentum is unlikely.

Qatar's bourse, up 10.4 percent so far this year, benefited from news early this month that MSCI was upgrading it to emerging market status. In the last week it has been hit by the uncertain global environment, but it ended Sunday well off its lows, suggesting bargain-hunting support.

In the United Arab Emirates, Dubai builder Arabtec , part-owned by Abu Dhabi state fund Aabar, has extended the subscription period for its $650 million rights share issue to July 4 from June 23.

Arabtec said it wanted to give investors outside the UAE a chance to participate; a source familiar with the matter told Reuters that the entire amount had not been taken up by shareholders at the original deadline. However, many traders expect Arabtec to succeed eventually in selling the issue, given its strong backers, so the stock may have little downside.

In Saudi Arabia, the government announced it is switching its official weekend to Fridays and Saturdays, bringing the kingdom's working week closer in line with other countries.

Although there may be little immediate economic benefit, the stock market may be boosted by the decision as it had been requested by the business community and indicates the government's willingness to reform the economy.

The global backdrop for markets is negative, however; Asian shares fell to a fresh 9-1/2-month low on Monday as investors worried about China's economic and financial stability.

Local investors may continue to sell in Egypt, where the army stepped into a deepening political crisis on Sunday, demanding that the Islamist government and its opponents settle their differences and warning that it would act to stop violence spinning out of control.

However, foreign investors have been net buyers in the last several days, according to exchange data, which suggests they believe the market may be near a bottom and are looking for a rally if protest rallies planned for June 30 pass without major violence. (Reporting by Nadia Saleem; Editing by Andrew Torchia)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/stocks-news-mideast-qatar-leadership-transition-seen-positive-055834551.html

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{Virtual Book Tour} Pump Up Your Book Presents Self-Help Stress ...

Authors on Tour, Featured ? By Tracee Gleichner on June 24, 2013 at 2:23 pm

Join Darlene Josaphe, author of the self-help stress release series Self-Help Stress Solutions, as she tours the blogosphere July 1 through August 30, 2013 on her second virtual book tour with Pump Up Your Book!

?

ABOUT DARLENE JOSAPHE

?

?

Darlene Josaphe helps women manage stress successfully with resources that educate, combined with personal support. Her website, Natural Stress Relief Tips For Women, is an exclusive website for women that provides self-improvement articles, stress reduction resources, and transformational tools to women who want to improve their lives and achieve their life goals.

Natural stress relief tips for women is a site about turning your life from OK to extraordinary by reducing the stress, anxieties, and tensions that rob you of the peace of mind and happiness you deserve. If your life feels like a constant pressure cooker, you?re not alone. Women today are under a lot of pressure.

Knowledge is power, and our self-help ebooks for women will empower you to cope with the stresses in your life and achieve your life goals, whether it is happiness, good health, loving relationships, financial freedom, fulfillment ? or all of the above.

To see all that Darlene offers, including a chance to learn more about natural stress relief techniques and tips you can use right now and high-performance strategies that you can use immediately to improve your life, simply take our FREE Stress-busting eCourse and learn how to turn your stress into success!

To find out more, please visit her at http://www.natural-stress-relief-tips-for-women.com

To find out more about the series, go to Amazon here: http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_1?_encoding=UTF8&field-author=Darlene%20Josaphe&search-alias=digital-text

ABOUT SELF HELP STRESS SOLUTIONS

Now there?s a way to get rid of the harmful effects of stress on your body and spirit. Our Self-Help Stress Solution Series tells you how aromatherapy, walking, nutrition, time management, money management, gardening, camping, and many other natural self-help methods, can be the cure you?re looking for.

Imagine! No more anti-depressant pills that trigger weight gains and have you walking around like a zombie.

No more lying awake at night while stressful issues with family, job or relationships roll around in your head.

No more neck and body aches when you wake up in the morning from the stressful state you were in when you went to bed.

No more coping with the side-effects of depression that stress can cause.

How Can Our Self-Help Stress Relief Series Help Get Rid of Stress?

It?s not magic ? nor is it a big secret! The calming effects of aromatherapy, when combined with other stress-relief techniques, can rejuvenate your mind, body and soul and literally lift away the stresses of the day. Eating healthy foods and engaging in a healthy lifestyle can fortify your body to fight off stress successfully. Developing the happy of taking a brisk walk a few times each week, strengthens your body as well as helps you sleep better at night, which are all essential factors in overcoming stress. Spending time outdoors gardening or camping works wonders for body, mind and spirit.

This Self-Help Stress Solutions Series will blow you away with information that you might not have known about relieving stress in your life.

Learn how to develop a life plan for stress relief.

The ?Self Help Stress Solutions? Book Series will teach you how to systematically reduce or rid yourself of stress symptoms that permeate your life. This is imperative for your well-being. Health concerns are nothing new, and many develop a diet and exercise plan to deal with them.

Many don?t realize that developing a life plan for stress relief can also make your mind and body healthy. You may even lose weight when you learn how to manage stress because you?re not eating mindlessly or comforting yourself with food.

One Thing I Know For Sure?

?is that every woman wants to reduce stress in her life, but isn?t sure how.

Most are definitely not aware that there are techniques, including aromatherapy, proper nutrition, walking, gardening,, camping, time and money management, that can help in a purely delightful way.

?

The Self-Help Stress Solutions Virtual Book Publicity Tour Schedule

Monday, July 1 ? Book reviewed at Reviewing Shelf

Monday, July 1- Book spotlight at Naturally Kim B

Monday, July 1 ? First chapter reveal at Parenting 2.0?

Tuesday, July 2 ? Guest blogging and First chapter review at Faerotic Prose

Wednesday, July 3 ? Interviewed at My Devotional Thoughts

Thursday, July 4 ? Guest blogging at My Devotional Thoughts

Friday, July 5 ? Interviewed and Guest blogging at Janna Shay

Monday, July 8 ? Book reviewed at Books+ Beach= Escape

Monday, July 9 ? Book featured at My Devotional Thoughts

Wednesday, July 17 ? Book featured at Parenting 2.0

?

Tags: author Darlene Josaphe, author publicity, blog tour, book promotions, Darlene Josaphe, holiday stress management, natural stress relief, natural stress remedies, online book promotion, Pump Up Your Book, relaxation techniques for stress, self-help, self-help books for women, Self-Help Stress Solutions, strategies for stress relief, stress management books, stress management for women, Stress relief, stress relief gifts, stress relief products, virtual book tour, ways to manage stress

Source: http://www.pumpupyourbook.com/2013/06/24/virtual-book-tour-pump-up-your-book-presents-self-help-stress-solutions-virtual-book-publicity-tour/

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Revealed -- the mystery of the gigantic storm on Saturn

Public release date: 24-Jun-2013
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Oihane Lakar Iraizoz
o.lakar@elhuyar.com
34-943-363-040
Elhuyar Fundazioa

We now understand the nature of the giant storms on Saturn. Through the analysis of images sent from the Cassini space probe belonging to the North American and European space agencies (NASA and ESA respectively), as well as the computer models of the storms and the examination of the clouds therein, the Planetary Sciences Group of the University of the Basque Country has managed to explain the behaviour of these storms for the very first time. The article explaining the discovery, the lead author being Enrique Garca Melendo, researcher at the Fundaci Observatori Esteve Duran Institut de Cincies de l'Espai, of Catalonia, was published in Nature Geosciences.

Approximately once every Saturnian year - equivalent to 30 Earth years - an enormous storm is produced on the ringed planet and which affects the aspect of its atmosphere on a global scale. These gigantic storms are known as Great White Spots, due to the appearance they have on the atmosphere of the planet. The first observation of one of these was made in 1876; the Great White Spot of 2010 was the sixth one to be observed. On this occasion the Cassini space vehicle was able to obtain very high resolution images of this great meteorological structure. The storm initiated as a small brilliant white cloud in the middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere of the planet, and grew rapidly and remained active for more than seven months. Over this time an amalgam of white clouds was generated which expanded to form a cloudy and turbulent ring with a surface area of thousands of millions of square kilometres. Two year age the Planetary Sciences Group presented a first study of the storm and which was published on the front cover of Nature on the 7th of July, 2011. Now, with this new research, the hidden secrets of the phenomenon have been revealed, studying in detail the "head" and the "focus" of the Great White Spot.

The team of astronomers analysed the images taken from the Cassini probe in order to measure the winds in the "head" of the storm, the focus where the activity originated. In this region the storm interacts with the circulating atmosphere, forming very intense sustained winds, typically of 500 kilometres an hour. "We did not expect to find such violent circulation in the region of the development of the storm, which is a symptom of the particularly violent interaction between the storm and the planet's atmosphere", commented Enrique Garca. They were also able to determine that these storm clouds are at 40 km above the planet's own clouds.

Information about the mechanisms causing meteorological phenomena

The research revealed the mechanism that produces this phenomenology. The team of scientists designed mathematical models capable of reproducing the storm on a computer, providing a physical explanation for the behaviour of this giant storm and for its lengthy duration. The calculations show that the focus of the storm is deeply embedded, some 300 km above the visible clouds. The storm transports enormous quantities of moist gas in water vapour to the highest levels of the planet, forming visible clouds and liberating enormous quantities of energy. This injection of energy interacts violently with the dominant wind of Saturn to produce wind storms of 500 km/h. The research also showed that, despite the enormous activity of the storm, this was not able to substantially modify the prevailing winds which blow permanently in the same direction as the Earth's parallels, but they did interact violently with them. An important part of the computer's calculations were made thanks to the Centre de Serveis Cientfics i Acadmics de Catalunya (CESCA), and the computer services at the Institut de Cincies de l'Espai (ICE), also based in the Catalan capital of Barcelona.

Apart from the curiosity of knowing the physical processes underlying the formation of these giant storms on Saturn, the study of these phenomena enable us to enhance our knowledge of the models employed in research into meteorology and the behaviour of the Earth's atmosphere, in a very different environment and impossible to simulate in a laboratory. "The storms on Saturn are, in a way, a test bank of the physical mechanisms underlying the generation of similar meteorological phenomena on Earth", commented Agustn Snchez Lavega, Director of the Planetary Sciences Group at the UPV/EHU.

###

---

[ | E-mail | Share ]

?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Public release date: 24-Jun-2013
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Oihane Lakar Iraizoz
o.lakar@elhuyar.com
34-943-363-040
Elhuyar Fundazioa

We now understand the nature of the giant storms on Saturn. Through the analysis of images sent from the Cassini space probe belonging to the North American and European space agencies (NASA and ESA respectively), as well as the computer models of the storms and the examination of the clouds therein, the Planetary Sciences Group of the University of the Basque Country has managed to explain the behaviour of these storms for the very first time. The article explaining the discovery, the lead author being Enrique Garca Melendo, researcher at the Fundaci Observatori Esteve Duran Institut de Cincies de l'Espai, of Catalonia, was published in Nature Geosciences.

Approximately once every Saturnian year - equivalent to 30 Earth years - an enormous storm is produced on the ringed planet and which affects the aspect of its atmosphere on a global scale. These gigantic storms are known as Great White Spots, due to the appearance they have on the atmosphere of the planet. The first observation of one of these was made in 1876; the Great White Spot of 2010 was the sixth one to be observed. On this occasion the Cassini space vehicle was able to obtain very high resolution images of this great meteorological structure. The storm initiated as a small brilliant white cloud in the middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere of the planet, and grew rapidly and remained active for more than seven months. Over this time an amalgam of white clouds was generated which expanded to form a cloudy and turbulent ring with a surface area of thousands of millions of square kilometres. Two year age the Planetary Sciences Group presented a first study of the storm and which was published on the front cover of Nature on the 7th of July, 2011. Now, with this new research, the hidden secrets of the phenomenon have been revealed, studying in detail the "head" and the "focus" of the Great White Spot.

The team of astronomers analysed the images taken from the Cassini probe in order to measure the winds in the "head" of the storm, the focus where the activity originated. In this region the storm interacts with the circulating atmosphere, forming very intense sustained winds, typically of 500 kilometres an hour. "We did not expect to find such violent circulation in the region of the development of the storm, which is a symptom of the particularly violent interaction between the storm and the planet's atmosphere", commented Enrique Garca. They were also able to determine that these storm clouds are at 40 km above the planet's own clouds.

Information about the mechanisms causing meteorological phenomena

The research revealed the mechanism that produces this phenomenology. The team of scientists designed mathematical models capable of reproducing the storm on a computer, providing a physical explanation for the behaviour of this giant storm and for its lengthy duration. The calculations show that the focus of the storm is deeply embedded, some 300 km above the visible clouds. The storm transports enormous quantities of moist gas in water vapour to the highest levels of the planet, forming visible clouds and liberating enormous quantities of energy. This injection of energy interacts violently with the dominant wind of Saturn to produce wind storms of 500 km/h. The research also showed that, despite the enormous activity of the storm, this was not able to substantially modify the prevailing winds which blow permanently in the same direction as the Earth's parallels, but they did interact violently with them. An important part of the computer's calculations were made thanks to the Centre de Serveis Cientfics i Acadmics de Catalunya (CESCA), and the computer services at the Institut de Cincies de l'Espai (ICE), also based in the Catalan capital of Barcelona.

Apart from the curiosity of knowing the physical processes underlying the formation of these giant storms on Saturn, the study of these phenomena enable us to enhance our knowledge of the models employed in research into meteorology and the behaviour of the Earth's atmosphere, in a very different environment and impossible to simulate in a laboratory. "The storms on Saturn are, in a way, a test bank of the physical mechanisms underlying the generation of similar meteorological phenomena on Earth", commented Agustn Snchez Lavega, Director of the Planetary Sciences Group at the UPV/EHU.

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Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-06/ef-rt062413.php

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